Combinatorial optimization underpins applications in artificial intelligence, logistics, and network design, yet classical techniques such as greedy search and dynamic programming struggle to balance ...

Simulated annealing is a probabilistic metaheuristic inspired by the physical process of annealing in metallurgy, where controlled cooling enables a metal to reach a low-energy crystalline state. In ...

If you want to simulate a tic-tac-toe game, that’s easy. You can evaluate every possible move in a reasonable amount of time. Simulating antennas, however, is much harder. [Rosrislav] has been ...