𝗜𝗸𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘀𝗵𝗼𝘂: 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗝𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗻'𝘀 𝗔𝗻𝗶𝗺𝗲 Japan began producing animation in 1917—still the age of silent films—through trial-and-error drawing and cutout animation techniques, based on animated shorts from France and the United States. People started talking about the high quality of Japanese “manga films.” But Japanese anime were costlier to produce than Western animations and were overshadowed by the popularity of Disney cartoons. They faced an uphill battle from the sta